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Medical Graffiti
The information in the medical news section is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Treatments described may not be available in all countries. We do not sell the listed medicines. Drugs may have side effects not mentioned here Emergency contraceptive pill Ulipristal acetate (Ella) is also effective at controlling excessive bleeding associated with fibroids: clinical trial. New England Journal of Medicine 2 Feb 2012; 366: 409
Herpes type 2 (HSV 2) seroconversion rate is significantly higher among females. Sexually Transmitted Diseases December 2012; 39 (12)
The risk of an HIV-infected man transmitting an infection to a woman not infected with HIV is about twice the risk of an HIV-infected woman transmitting to an HIV-uninfected man. Journal of Infectious Diseases, February 1, 2012 205 (3)
Almost all abnormal Pap smear results are caused by HPV (human papillomavirus). National Cervical screening program, Australia
The Pap test Vs. HPV test: Pap test checks women’s cervix for abnormal cells that could turn into cervical cancer. The HPV Test Checks cervix for the human papillomavirus (HPV) that can cause abnormal cells and cervical cancer
If the Pap test is normal and HPV test is negative, one can wait three years before being tested again for cervical cancer. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Cervical cancer grows slowly. It takes 10 to 15 years for abnormal cells to turn into cancer. Cervical cancer often does not cause symptoms until it is advanced. Women with advanced cervical cancer may have abnormal bleeding, discharge, or pain.
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) represents a premalignant lesion that warrants treatment in every case. A majority of VIN cases arise from infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV vaccine, Gardasil reduces the risk of VIN. Committee on Gynecologic Practice, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstetrics & Gynecology November 2011; 118: 1192
Cervical cancer screening: when to begin and when to discontinue? Screening to be initiated at the age of 21, as invasive disease is more common among younger women. Screening is to be stopped at 65 for women no history of cervical cancer or intraepithelial neoplasia, and whose recent screening tests have been negative. Annals of Internal Medicine, November 15, 2011 (Advance online)
Use of intrauterine contraceptive device reduces the risk of cervical cancer in women. The Lancet Oncology, online, 13 September 2011
About half-a-million females are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year globally, and approximately 250,000 die. Persistent Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and risk of Cervical Cancer: The 16-year risk of cervical cancer for women infected with high risk types of HPV is 6 %. The risk is 12 % in case of women who tested positive on 2 occasions, two years apart. Compared to these, the risk is only 0.14% in those who repeatedly tested HPV negative. Journal of National Cancer Institute online September 6, 2011 Women who receive intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) immediately following abortion experience few complications and are less likely to have an unintended pregnancy than those who delay getting an IUD by several weeks. New England Journal of Medicine 9 Jun 2011
Although subdermal contraceptive implants are highly effective, liver-enzyme-inducing medications can diminish their efficacy. Therefore, women using these medications (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, efavirenz) are best protected by intrauterine device or injectable contraception. Journal Watch Women's Health Commentary, December 15, 2011
There is compelling evidence that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use increases the risk of breast cancer, and its cessation reduces this risk. McMaster University research. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. January 2012
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines recommend that women have their first mammogram at age 40, and yearly beginning at 50. Obstetrics & Gynecology April 2011
Women above the age of 50 years should be screened for breast cancer once every two years up to age of 74. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Guideline
After 10 years of mammograms, women may be getting more harm than good from the screening, when false positive diagnoses and unnecessary surgeries were taken into account. British Medical Journal 2011; 343: d7627 (Published online on 8 December 2011)
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